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A general history of the world
The Bolsheviks' easy victory did not mean that they had the support of all, or at least most, of the Russian people. This was demonstrated by the composition of the Constituent Assembly, which was finally elected on 25 November, with 370 seats for the Social Revolutionaries, 175 for the Bolsheviks, 40 for the Left Social Revolutionaries, 17 for the Constitutional Democrats, 16 for the Mensheviks and 86 for national groups. The Constituent Assembly met in Petrograd on January 18, 1918, and after a meeting was dispersed by the Bolsheviks, who by then had military power. However, the structure of the Constituent Assembly reveals how many followers each party had at the time. At the time of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, Lenin was seriously striving for peace, though only because Russia could not continue the war. On November 25, Trotsky spoke on the radio to all the belligerents, asking them to conclude an armistice immediately. The Allies avoided answering this question, and they were unwilling to accept peace on the basis of the Bolshevik slogan of "no cession of territory,Stainless Steel Shower Tray, no reparations". But the Allies were willing to negotiate, and on December 5 they signed an armistice with the Bolsheviks. In later negotiations, the Germans demanded the cession of Poland and the Baltic provinces, possibly on the basis of national self-determination. When the Bolsheviks demurred, the Germans tore up the armistice and continued their advance toward Petrograd. At this time, Lenin decided to compromise, not only because he lacked the means to resist,Stainless Steel Toilet Sink Combo, but also because he speculated that the Germans were likely to be defeated and could not hold on to the areas they had conquered. On March 3, 1918, Lenin accepted the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, whose harsh terms were much more demanding than those originally proposed. He gave up not only Poland and the Baltic provinces, but also Finland, Ukraine, and parts of the Caucasus. These cessions included two million people and 1.25 million square miles of territory; in these territories, half of Russia's factories and one-third of its grain-producing areas, and three-quarters of Russia's iron and coal. In this way, Russia withdrew from the First World War, and the new Bolshevik rulers set out to create the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the effects of which are still felt around the world. V. The Global Phase of the War: US Intervention When World War I began, stainless steel toilet ,Self-closing Shower Valve, President Wilson immediately called on his countrymen to observe strict neutrality. In a speech to the American people on August B, 1911, he declared: "I would like to take the liberty of giving you a serious warning not to commit the strongest, most ingenious, and most fundamental act of undermining neutrality out of partisanship and by fervently taking sides.". In these soon-to-be soul-testing days, the United States must remain neutral not only in name but in fact. The call was met with general approval, as the vast majority of Americans did not wish to be involved in the war. By 1917, however, Wilson himself was leading the country into war. Why intervene in the war despite such a strong sentiment in favor of neutrality? One factor is the military expansion campaign. Founded on December 1, 1914, the National Security League was ably supported by military men, munitions makers, and polemical politicians. They propagated the possibility of war with Germany, demanded compulsory military training, and demanded a great increase in the standing army and navy. Wilson at first opposed this agitation, but for political reasons he could not ignore it completely. Finally, he personally led the March of the expansion movement in New York and Washington, and presided over the passage of the National Defense Act on June 3, 1916; this act doubled the standing army, reorganized the National Guard, and provided for the training of officers in various academies and summer camps. Two months later, another bill approved a three-year plan for a massive expansion of the Navy. The intensive agitation and propaganda associated with this military expansion also contributed to the psychological preparation of the whole nation for the war. This is very similar to the impact of the armed invasion of Mexico by the United States from March 1916 to August 1917. The invasion came suddenly; Francisco (Pancho) Villa, then half revolutionary and half gangster, attacked the frontier city of Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 19 men. Villa's aim was to drive the United States to intervene, thereby discrediting President Carranza and overthrowing him. Wilson did respond and immediately ordered a punitive expedition led by General John Pershing. Despite sending more than 100,000 people across the border, it proved impossible to catch Villa and his associates. Instead, Villa attacked Glen Springs, Texas, killing four people. This caused a clamor in the United States to declare war on Mexico and occupy its northern territory. However, both Carranza and Wilson wanted to avoid war and finally made arrangements for the withdrawal of the United States. Yet, through the stimulus of these no-disaster, no-sacrifice military campaigns, this improbable episode helped instil a spirit of war in the United States. Another factor in favor of intervening in the war was that the United States was financially and industrially bound by the cause of the Entente. Anticipating this pressure, Brian argued from the beginning for a "moral prohibition" on lending to belligerents. This idea was rejected by Wilson, and as a result, by the end of 1914, Morgan & Company had made "arrangements" for the Allies to buy military supplies in the United States. In order to pay for these military supplies, the allies first gave cash,Prison toilet for sale, then sold the bonds and stocks they owned in the United States, and finally had to borrow large sums of money. This necessarily created pressure for the United States to enter the war. Thriving American industry depended on a steady stream of orders from the Allies, and American bankers had safes full of British and French banknotes that would be worthless if Germany won. cnkexin.com
10-Jan-2023, 08:18 AM